In this study, life tables of Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) individuals reared on pepper plant were formed after exposed to Gamma-T-Ol, Fungatol and Fungatol+Neem Sprey (50.0-001) extracts. Experiments for each treatment, and control group were designed as at least 25 replicates and conducted in a climatic chamber set to 25°C temperature, 65% relative humidity and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod conditions. The data obtained from experiment were evaluated according to Euler-Lotka equation. The intrinsic rates (rm) of populations exposed to these extracts were calculated as 0.34, 0.33, 0.24, and 0.37 females/female/day, respectively. Longevities of these populations were determined 9.05, 10.88, 9.14, and 13.08 days, respectively. Consequently, Fungatol+Neem Sprey (50.0-001) was found as the most effective extract on reproductively and development of M. persicae. It is thought that the use of this plant extract in controlling the pest will provide an advantage in terms of biological control applications in integrated pest management concept. Further studies to be conducted on side effects of Fungatol+Neem Sprey (50.0-001) will be beneficial.

Abstract: The study was carried out to record the phenological features and to identify promising cultivar candidates by selection criteria of 378 collected bean germplasm which were suitable for fresh consumption in South of Eastern Anatolia (Bitlis, Bingöl, Mus, Malatya, Tunceli, Elazig, Hakkâri, Van) in 2009-2011. In the study, 4F-89 and Helinda Gold pole bean cultivars, Yalova-5 and Yalova-17 dwarf bean cultivars were used as standard control varieties. According to the weighing rating and phenological observations, 62 pole and 26 dwarf fresh beans were identified as promising candidate lines among collected 378 lines in 2010. Among these 86 suitable lines, 30 pole and 8 dwarf fresh beans were observed as promising candidate lines. According to the result of the study, significant differences were determined between the standard cultivars and the local varieties.

In this study, the Rural Recreation Area of Kösrelik Pond in the Keçiören district of Ankara was studied. The maps of potential and actual soil erosion risk of about 65 ha of the environment surrounding the pond, which was planned as a rural recreation area, were investigated using CORINE methodology. Accordingly, the necessary physical and chemical soil analyses were performed on 10 surface samples and soil samples from 4 profiles additionally opened on the field, and the maps were created by CORINE methodology using GIS technologies. According to the results of the potential soil erosion risk map obtained in this study, no potential erosion risk was found in 10% whereas, low risk of potential erosion was determined in 9%. In addition medium risk of potential erosion was found in 66%, and high risk of potential erosion was found in 15% of the total area. Nevertheless, according to the results of the actual soil erosion risk map, no actual erosion risk was found in 10% whereas, low risk was found in 2%, medium risk was found in 24%. Moreover, high risk of actual erosion was found in 64% of the total area. It has been observed that the natural vegetation within the study area has substantially prevented erosion. The amount of erosion substantially increases due to the destruction of natural vegetation and soil cultivation of agricultural land. Keywords:

This study was carried out to determine the effects of rice husk compost, town waste compost and tobacco waste on mechanical properties of soil under greenhouse conditions. Soil samples used in the study were taken from surface (0-20 cm) the lands near Samsun province and districts. These soil samples were fine to moderate in texture, acid, neutral and alkaline in pH, low in salt content, low to moderate in organic matter content, and low to high in lime content. The organic sources were applied into soils with four doses (0%, 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5%) and two replicates. After four months of incubation period, lettuce plants were grown in the soils. The results show that applications of rice husk compost, town waste compost and tobacco waste in acidic, neutral and alkaline soils significantly increased the liquid limit and plastic limit values with respect to application doses. These treatments significantly decreased shrinkage and coefficient of linear extensibility values. It was determined that these effects varied based on pH level, and the type and application doses of organic sources. Keywords:

This study was conducted to determine the distribution, some morphological and bioecological aspects of Cicadatra hyalina (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) that damage on cherry trees in Izmir province of Turkey in 2005-2008. Visual inspection was done in an orchard in Kemalpasa (Yukarikizilca), Izmir, Turkey. Besides visually counting the adult, we took a count of the nymphs hatched at the base of the trunk and under canopy of 10 trees in that orchard. In addition, 10 strongboxes (registers) were put under 10 trees in this orchard and checked periodically to adult emergence. According to the results of these studies, the first adults of C. hyalina started to appear in the second week of june. The flying period began after the first week of june and finished at the third week of august. Flight duration of this species is about 50-67 days. The maximum adult emergence occurred between last june and mid of july. Population density was changed from year to year. The most of adults observed in 2005 (26.6 nymph skin/tree) and least in 2008 (7.7 nymph skin/tree). Adults were observed chiefly on cherry trees and different fruit trees such as olive, peach, vineyard, apricot and herbaceous plants such as Sorghum halepense L. and Chenopodium album L. Females lay their eggs on the a year twigs of cherries, and other fruit trees and stem of herbaceous plants and have preference for the most slight twigs. Eggs began to hatch at the end of july. It was determined that this species left thier eggs on plants such as cherry, mahaleb cherry, olive, peach and Sorghum halepense L. and emerged after 43-56 days.

Cotton is an important crop in terms of economic and strategic impacts. Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stress factors which negatively affects growth and yield of plants in Turkey as occurred in many countries in the world. In this study, 11 different cotton cultivars selected based on their agronomical characters were tested under water deficit irrigation strategies. Thus, it was aimed to select and/or determine appropriate new varieties for breeding new national materials resistant to drought stress, and to characterize with the molecular microsatellite markers. According to the different irrigation levels (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) plants were observed under the stressed conditions at the irrigation levels of 50% and 25%. Among the tested varieties, Tamcot Sphinx, Tamcot 94, Tamcot CamdEs and BA525 varieties were found to be more water stress tolerant than others in terms of germination time and germinated plant. The UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages) analysis was carried out using 28 markers with average 0.306 polymorphism information content (PIC) for molecular characterization studies. Based on the UPGMA results, the varieties were clustered into two groups. It is expected that the results obtained from this study might provide considerable data for improving new drought tolerant varieties.

In plants, miR482 family members are generally 22-nucleotide long, distinguishing from other microRNA (miRNA) families by their extraordinary and diverse sequence structures. Studies showed that miRNA482 is related to NB- LRR (Nucleotide binding-site leucine-rich repeat) genes conferring resistance to disease in plants. There are different coded NB-LRR genes which are considered as the part immune response assisting the recognition of pathogens in plant genomes. NB-LRR proteins are mostly related to effector – triggering immune system against pathogens. The main immune receptors in plants are PRR (Pattern recoginition receptor) and R (Resistance) proteins. R proteins code for immune system proteins by NB-LRR activity. miR482, miR1448, slmiR2118 and ath-miR472 are disease resistance related miRNAs. In several studies, miR482 was found to be a homolog of miR1448 and phylogenetic analyses showed that miR1448 is formed by tandem duplication of miR482. While suppression of miR482 results in plant susceptibility to pathogens, miR482 was considered to play role in nodulation and mycorrhizal processes of soya roots. Increasing evidences exhibit that miR482 is critical in disease resistance against pathogen attacks. Keywords:

Melissa officinalis subsp. L. altissima (Sibthr. et Smith) Arcang which belongs to Lamiaceae (mint) family is a perennial, herbaceous and essential oil bearing plant. Its essential oil and extract could be used as antimicrobial and antioxidant agent. However, there is a limited number of reports on agronomy and chemical contents of Melissa officinalis subsp. L. altissima (Sibthr. et Smith) Arcang. In this study, effect of five different nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) on some agronomic traits of Melissa officinalis subsp. L. altissima (Sibthr. et Smith) Arcang were examined in the conditions of Mediterranean climate in 2011 and 2012. All traits were significantly affected by the different nitrogen doses in the second year of the experiment. Higher nitrogen doses increased plant height, number of branches, fresh herbage yield, fresh leaf yield, dry herbage yield and dry leaf yield. On the other hand, the highest N dose (200 kg ha-1) did not give the highest values in terms of plant height, number of branches, fresh herbage yield and dry herbage yield. In the second year, 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen treatment was appeared to be better than other treatments.

This study aimed to determination of structure of Karacadag paddy farming and habits of farmers. Fourteen villages were determined for survey study in Sanliurfa province of Siverek district. Fifty Karacadag paddy farmers were determined from Üzümlük, Otlu, Karaburç, Beyçeri, Sekkodulda, Ömerpiyar, Güvenli, Aksun, Kayseri, Damlica, Atlica, Yalankoz, Söngü and Demirci villages for survey study. Survey study was conducted with farmers via survey forms as face to face. Thirty four questions were asked to per farmers. Survey questions included methods of soil preparing, used equipments, sowing time, sowing method, crop rotation, fertilization, irrigation etc. in Karacadag paddy farming. Statistical analyses were performed with obtained data. According to some research results; 82% of farmers have less land than 200 da, 44% of farmers were land owner but 56% farmers were renter. Seventy-six percent of Karacadag paddy farming areas was stony. Rice + rice crop rotation system was used by 66% of farmers. It was determined that paddy farmers of 98% used fertilizer although 2% of farmers did not use fertilizer. It was found that farmers used only first fertilizer, only second fertilizer and both first and second fertilizer, 12%, 50% and 26%, respectively.

This study was conducted to determine some vegetation characters of 15 village rangelands in Bartin province in 2016. In the study, modified wheel point method with loop was used. Totally 128 plant species were determined in studied rangelands. This plant species were also divided into 3 different successional groups: i) 18 species were decreases, ii) 10 species were increasers, 100 species were invaders (89 species were herbaceous and 11 species were shrubs-trees). In the experiment rangelands, plant coverage rate was 93.57%. Considering the different successional groups, which had influential effect to pasture quality, decreasers, increasers, and invaders had 15.52%, 15.59% and 68.89%, respectively. The results from the present study indicated that 1, 1, 6 and 7 rangelands are “Very good”, Good”, “Fair” and “Poor” conditions based on the rangeland condition classes, respectively. On the other hand, 14 and 1 rangelands were found as “Healthy” and “Unhealthy” in health categories. There were significant correlations between plant cover and soil depth (r=0.553*) and grazing level and soil compaction (r=0.587*) in studied rangelands. According to these results half of the rangelands must be used carefully, while other half are need improving immediately.

This study was carried out to determine hybrid seed setting rate of safflower at Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute. In this research; 6 female, 4 male lines and varieties were used to obtained twenty-four combination. Hybrid seed setting rate was calculated using emasculated flower and obtained seed number. According to the results mean of seed setting rate ranged between 89.5% (Eas-Mek-20 x Balci) and 39.7% (Eas-Sd-15 x Remzibey). Mean of seed setting rate was found 56.3± 2.7%

Milk is an essential source of nutrition especially for the breastfed infants. Sterilization of milk is necessary because it can be contaminated by microorganisms due to unhygienic collection and storage conditions. In this study, the sterilization of raw cow milk was performed by using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma method. Raw milk was transferred to the plasma reactor and dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma was performed by changing various parameters including voltage, exposure time and frequency. It was found that dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma is very effective at sterilization of raw cow milk particularly at room temperature. The optimum parameters that wee demonstrated to completely kill the bacteria in raw milk were experimentally determined to be a 3 kV application voltage, 3 min exposure time and 500 Hz frequency. Additionally, there was almost no important change in pH value of cow milk after DBD plasma treatment (The average pH was 6.2). Pathogen microorganisms found in milk produces metabolites (during storage and transport) that have adverse effects on health. The method developed by us in this study will be used in a future study to develop a prototype of a sterilization device that can be integrated into the current milking system and can be continuously applied. Thus, the sterilization of milk during milking process could potentially be an extremely effective method for maintaining its quality and nutritional value. Furthermore, since the DBD plasma method is an ultra fast process that operates under ambient temperatures (ideal for thermolabile products) at a low running cost and is environment-friendly, it can be used for the sterilization of a wide range of liquid food products.